Symptomatic perception of patients affected by chronic chikungunya: a qualitative perspective / Percepção dos sintomas de pacientes acometidos por chikungunya crônica: um olhar qualitativo

Objective: To understand the demands caused by chikungunya in the chronic phase and their impacts on patients' mental health and quality of life. Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study, performed from November 2019 to January 2020. Focus groups and deep interviews were carried out. Then, the Discourse Analysis was performed. Results: Chronic pain was the main clinical manifestation reported by the participants, being responsible for affecting aspects related to quality of life and mental health. As for psycological view, this study showed that chronic pain was also reported as one of the main symptoms related to anxiety and depression among research subjects. Conclusion: this study demonstrated how the chronic illness caused by Chikungunya impacted the subjects' perception in the domains related to quality of life and mental health. Furthermore, we seek to focus on the management of disease in a holistic way, putting the patients' own awareness of the impacts of the disease on their lives in a relevant level of their treatment.

Objetivo: Compreender as demandas causadas pela chikungunya em sua fase crônica e seus impactos na saúde mental e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado entre novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Inicialmetne, foram realizados grupos focais e entrevistas em profundidade; seguidas da Análise do Discurso. Resultados: A dor crônica foi a principal manifestação clínica relatada pelos participantes, sendo responsável por afetar aspectos relacionados à qualidade de vida e saúde mental. Quanto ao aspecto psicológico, este estudo mostrou que a dor crônica também foi relatada como um dos principais sintomas relacionados à ansiedade e depressão entre os sujeitos da pesquisa. Conclusão: este estudo demonstrou como a doença crônica causada pela chikungunya impactou na percepção dos sujeitos em seus domínios relacionados à qualidade de vida e saúde mental. Além disso, procuramos centrar-nos na gestão da doença de forma holística, colocando a consciência dos próprios doentes sobre os impactos da doença nas suas vidas num nível relevante do seu tratamento.

Narrativas del dolor entre pacientes con diagnóstico de fibromialgia en Santiago de Chile / Pain narratives among patients with fibromyalgia diagnosis in Santiago de Chile

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo acceder a las narrativas que configuran la experiencia de dolor de quienes padecen fibromialgia. Se utilizó como método de recolección de datos la realización de cuatro entrevistas en profundidad por un período de cuatro meses a un grupo de ocho pacientes con diagnóstico de fibromialgia. Cada entrevista fue analizada a través del método de análisis de contenido, el cual permitió codificar la información y agruparla en función de las principales categorías temáticas pesquisadas. Los resultados del estudio muestran que en la narrativa de quienes padecen fibromialgia, el dolor se ubica como indicador de una supuesta inadecuación en los modos de vincularse con otras personas, con el propio cuerpo, y con los rendimientos productivos. A su vez, se asume que el camino que tome dicho dolor dependerá siempre de esfuerzos en torno a la adquisición de aprendizajes en un amplio espectro de comportamientos, que estarían vinculados con la mejoría del cuadro clínico. A modo de conclusión, se propone que el diagnóstico de fibromialgia visibiliza una experiencia de sufrimiento, donde el dolor adquiere características que denotan no sólo una anomalía alojada en el cuerpo sino, más ampliamente, el indicador de las características personales de quienes lo padecen.

The present investigation aimed to access the narratives that make up the pain experience of those who suffer from fibromyalgia. The data collection method was used to carry out four in-depth interviews over a period of four months, with a group of eight patients with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Each interview was analyzed through the content analysis method, which allowed the information to be codified and grouped according to the main thematic categories investigated. The results of the study show that in the narrative of those who suffer from fibromyalgia, pain is located as an indicator of a supposed inadequacy in the ways of relating to other people, with the body itself, and with productive performance. In turn, it is assumed that the course that this pain takes will always depend on efforts around the acquisition of learning in a wide spectrum of behaviors, which would be linked to the improvement of the clinical picture. By way of conclusion, it is proposed that the diagnosis of fibromyalgia makes visible an experience of suffering where pain acquires characteristics that denote not only an anomaly lodged in the body but, more broadly, the indicator of the personal characteristics of those who suffer from it.

Estrategias de afrontamiento y alteraciones emocionales en pacientes con dolor crónico de la espalda: Cienfuegos 2020 (Cuba) / Coping strategies and emotional alterations in patients with chronic back pain. Cienfuegos 2020. (Cuba)

Introducción: El dolor crónico de la espalda forma parte de los síntomas que afectan la salud musculoesquelética. Las estrategias de afrontamiento van a determinar la experiencia del dolor actuando como mediador de las emociones. Objetivo General: Caracterizar las estrategias de afrontamiento y las alteraciones emocionales en pacientes con dolor crónico de la espalda, Cienfuegos 2020. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de serie de casos, en el Hospital Provincial Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de la provincia de Cienfuegos, Cuba, en los meses de septiembre de 2019 a enero de 2020. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico casual o a conveniencia de participantes voluntarios, con los pacientes que fueron atendidos en consulta de Ortopedia durante el periodo de investigación declarado. El análisis estadístico de la información se realizó en el paquete estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Se obtuvo un predominio de estrategias de afrontamiento pasivas, así como alteraciones emocionales donde predomina la ansiedad y la depresión en niveles moderado-alto, mientras que en la ira se obtuvieron valores inferiores. Conclusión: Las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por los pacientes de estudio se caracterizan por ir dirigidas fundamentalmente a la modificación de las reacciones emocionales que genera el dolor, pero no a lograr una adaptación a las nuevas circunstancias impuestas por la enfermedad, ni a un control instrumental del mismo.

Introduction: Chronic back pain is one of the symptoms that affect musculoskeletal health. Coping strategies will determine the experience of pain acting as a mediator of emotions. General aim: To characterize coping strategies and the emotional alterations in patients with chronic back pain, Cienfuegos 2020. Material and method: It was carried out a descriptive study, series of cases, in the University Hospital "Dr. GustavoAldereguía Lima", Cienfuegos municipality, Cuba, from September, 2019 to January, of 2020. It was done a non-probabilistic sampling to convenience. The patients who were treated at the outpatient orthopedics consulting office and voluntarily accepted to participate in the study during the declared period of investigation were chosen. The statistical analysis of the information was carried out in the statistical package SPSS. Results: A prevalence of passive coping strategies was obtained, so much in the interview semiestructurada as in the Coping Reduced Questionnaire to the pain. Regarding the negatives emotional states prevailed the anxiety and depression in moderate-high levels, while in anger lower values were obtained. Conclusions: The most frequent coping strategies in the studied patients were the passive ones, aimed to regulate emotional states, but not to control pain.

MINDFULNESS: uma terapia complementar na dor crônica / MINDFULNESS: a complementary therapy for chronic pain

Um dos grandes desafios da Dor Crônica é o impacto negativo sobre os aspectos físicos e emocionais do indivíduo, frequentemente associado com depressão, ansiedade e incapacidade física. Terapias baseadas em práticas meditativas vem sendo estudadas e possuem resultados promissores no controle da dor crônica. Os objetivos deste estudo são verificar na literatura se as Intervenções Baseadas em Mindfulness (IBM`s) apresentam eficácia no tratamento da dor crônica e destacar quais ferramentas podem ser utilizadas na prática clínica. Com a introdução do Mindfulness na medicina, criaram-se intervenções baseadas nesta prática para que pudessem ser aplicadas na clínica. Com isso, diversos estudos nos últimos 20 anos foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de avaliar alterações morfológicas no cérebro de pacientes após a prática de IBM`s. As evidências indicam que ser mais "mindful" é uma tendência natural ou um resultado de uma prática profunda. A efetividade das IBM`s na dor crônica depende da prática intensa ou da personalidade do paciente. Apesar de ainda não haver um consenso sobre as práticas baseadas em Mindfulness, atualmente existem evidências moderadas de que podem ser utilizadas como uma terapia complementar ao tratamento convencional em pacientes portadores de dores crônicas.

One of the major challenges of Chronic Pain is the physical and emotional negative impact of the individual, often associated with depression, anxiety and physical disability. Therapies based on meditative practices have been studied and have promising results in the control of chronic pain. The aims of this study were to verify in the literature whether Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBI`s) are effective in treating chronic pain and which tools can be used in the clinical practice. With the introduction of Mindfulness in medicine, interventions based on this practice were created so that they could be applied in the clinic. Thus, several studies over the last 20 years have been developed to evaluate morphological changes in the brain of patients after the practice of MBI`s. Evidence indicates that being more "mindful" is a natural tendency or a result of deep practice. The effectiveness of IBM's in chronic pain depends on the patient's intense practice or personality. Although there is still no consensus on Mindfulness-based practices, there is currently moderate evidence that they can be used as a complementary therapy to conventional treatment in patients with chronic pain.

Cuestionario de impacto afectivo en el dolor crónico de origen benigno: propuesta basada en la revisión del cuestionario de impacto emocional en dolor neuropático / Affective impact questionnaire on chronic pain of benign origin: proposal based on the review of the emotional impact questionnaire on neuropathic pain

El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es construir un instrumento que permita el screening afectivo en la experiencia dolorosa, útil para todo profesional de la salud que trabaje con pacientes con dolor, quedando la invitación a usarlo en la clínica para evaluar su eficacia. Basado en el Cuestionario de Impacto Emocional en Dolor Neuropático (CIE-6), recomendado por la ACHED-CP, de la autoría del psicólogo Eduardo Muñoz. Se realizó una revisión teórica y desde la evidencia de los factores afectivos que participan en la experiencia dolorosa. A partir de lo anterior, se propone un rediseño del CIE-6. Consiste, primero en la eliminación de tres ítems de insomnio, cansancio y limitación del original, ya que apuntan a costos sanitarios y discapacidad, siendo reemplazados por estados afectivos como ansiedad, desesperanza, injusticia e incontrolabilidad.

The main objective of this work is to build an instrument that allows the affective screening in the painful experience, and be useful for every health care professional working with patients with pain, encouranging profesionals to use it in the clinic to evaluate its effectiveness. It ́s based on the Questionnaire of Emotional Impact on Neuropathic Pain recommended by the ACHED-CP of the authorship of the psychologist Eduardo Muñoz. A theoric review was conducted and from the evidence of the affective factors involved in the painful experience. As it was mentioned before, a redesign of the CIE-6 was proposed. It consists, first of all, of the elimination of three items of insomnia, tiredness and limitation from the original, since they point out to health costs and disability, being replaced by affective states such as anxiety, hopelessness, injustice and uncontrollability.

Vivir con dolor crónico desde la experiencia de adultos mayores con enfermedades crónico degenerativas / Living with cronic pain from the experience of older adults with chronic degenerative diseases

INTRODUCCIÓN: Ser adulto mayor conlleva a cambios físicos, psicológicos y sociales que se ven aún más afectados por comorbilidades como las enfermedades crónicas y el dolor. El propósito es interpretar las experiencias de vivir con dolor de los adultos mayores con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. METODOLOGÍA: Diseño cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico, recolectado mediante un muestreo intencional a través de una entrevista semi estructurada, en la cual se seleccionó a la población adulta mayor con una patología crónico-degenerativa que haya experimentado dolor crónico; se analizaron los datos con el proceso cognitivo de Janice Morse, hasta llegar a la saturación de la información. Participaron 8 personas entre los 66 y 72 años, habiendo siete mujeres y un hombre. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron cuatro categorías: 1. El desgaste de vivir con dolor; 2. Cotidianidad del vivir con dolor; 3. Alternativas para aliviar el dolor, y 4. Afectación en el entorno social. CONCLUSIÓN: Ser adulto mayor trae muchos cambios en todas las esferas de la vida, sin embargo, el padecer una enfermedad crónica acelera toda esta transición, viéndose afectados la salud mental, físico y social, adaptando esta situación a su cotidianidad, buscando a su vez medios alternos que mitiguen o disminuya el dolor.

INTRODUCTION: Being an older adult leads to physical, psychological, and social changes that are further affected by comorbidities such as chronic diseases and pain. The purpose is to interpret the experiences of living in pain of older adults with chronic-degenerative diseases. METHOD: Qualitative phenomenological research, recollected by an intentional sampling through a semi-structured interview in which was selected the adult population with a chronic-degenerative pathology that have experienced an state of chronic pain. The data was analyzed with the cognitive process of Janice Morse and reached to a saturation of 8 participants. There were 8 participants between the ages of 66 and 72, with seven women and one man. RESULTS: Four categories were found: 1. Wearing of living with pain; 2. Daily Living with Pain; 3. Alternatives for Pain Relief, and 4. Social Affectation. CONCLUSION: Being an older adult brings many changes in all spheres of life, however, suffering from a chronic disease accelerates this whole transition, being affected mental, physical and social health, adapting this situation to its daily life, seeking in turn alternate means to mitigate or decrease pain.

Factores asociados a la ideación suicida y el dolor crónico en pacientes adultos mayores asistidos en un hospital general de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Associated factors with suicidal ideation and chronic pain in elderly patients assisted in a general hospital of the city of Buenos Aires

Introducción: el siguiente estudio tuvo como finalidad explorar algunas características demográficas asociadas al dolor crónico y el desarrollo de ideas de suicidio en una población de pacientes mayores de 65 años. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico de corte transversal mediante el relevamiento de datos a partir historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 65 años que concurrieron a los consultorios externos del equipo de geriatría del Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, entre junio de 2018 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: se incluyó en el estudio un total de 222 pacientes, de los cuales 50 (23%) presentaron indicadores de dolor crónico y 33 pacientes (14,6%) lo hicieron de ideación suicida. Mediante estudio de correlación se estableció que estar ocupado, padecer dolor crónico y haber tenido más de una internación psiquiátrica son factores que incrementan el riesgo de presentar ideación suicida. Las variables ideación suicida, edad, y el estado civil ‒separado o divorciado en comparación con estar casado‒ son factores asociados a la presencia de dolor crónico. Conclusiones: el dolor crónico y la ideación suicida son factores que contribuyen a aumentar la fragilidad en personas mayores y deben ser estudiados en mayor profundidad para comprender los distintos modos de expresión de la patología psiquiátrica en esta población. (AU)

Introduction: the following study aimed to explore some demographic characteristics associated with chronic pain and the development of suicidal ideas in a population of patients over 65 years. Method: an cross-sectional observational and analytical study was carried out by collecting data from clinical histories of patients over 65 years of age who attended the external offices of the geriatrics team of the Psychiatry service of the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires between June 2018 and December 2018. Results: a total of 222 patients were included in the study, of which 50 (23%) presented indicators of chronic pain and 33 patients (14.6%) had suicidal ideation. A correlation study established that being employed, suffering from chronic pain and having had more than one psychiatric hospitalization are factors that increase the risk of presenting suicidal ideation. The variables suicidal ideation, age, and separated or divorced marital status compared to being married are factors associated with the presence of chronic pain. Conclusions: chronic pain and suicidal ideation are factors that contribute to increasing frailty in elderly patients and should be studied in greater depth to understand the different modes of expression of psychiatric pathology in this population. (AU)

Factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain / Factores asociados con síntomas depresivos en carreras de ancianos con dolor crónico / Fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos em idosos cuidadores com dor crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain. Method: the study included people 60 years of age or older who reported chronic pain and cared for another elderly person living in the same household (n=186). Statistical analyzes were performed using the Mann-Whitney test, univariate and multiple logistic regression. Results: most participants had no depressive symptoms (70.4%), 24.2% had mild depressive symptoms and 5.4% had severe symptoms. Univariate analysis showed that the variables family income, number of diseases, number of medications in use, pain intensity, overload and perceived stress were associated with depressive symptoms. Multivariate analysis found an association with perceived stress (95% CI 1.101-1207) and number of medications (95% CI 1.139-1.540) in use. Conclusion: factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain were stress and the number of medications in use.

RESUMEN Objetivo: para identificar los factores asociados con los síntomas depresivos en cuidadores mayores con dolor crónico. Método: el estudio incluyó a personas de 60 años de edad o mayores que reportaron dolor crónico y cuidaron a otra persona anciana que vive en el mismo hogar (n=186). Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con la prueba de Mann-Whitney, regresión logística univariada y múltiple. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes no tenían síntomas depresivos (70,4%), 24,2% tenían síntomas depresivos leves y 5,4% graves. El análisis univariado mostró que las variables ingreso familiar, número de enfermedades, número de medicamentos en uso, intensidad del dolor, sobrecarga y estrés percibido se asociaron con síntomas depresivos y el análisis multivariado mostró una asociación con el estrés percibido (IC 95% O 1.106 -1,207) y la cantidad de medicamentos (IC 95% O 1,139-1,540) en uso. Conclusión: los factores asociados con los síntomas depresivos en los cuidadores ancianos con dolor crónico fueron el estrés y la cantidad de medicamentos en uso.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos de idosos cuidadores com dor crônica. Método: participaram da pesquisa pessoas com 60 anos ou mais, que relataram dor crônica e que realizam cuidado a outro idoso que mora no mesmo domicílio (n=186). Para as análises estatísticas, foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney, regressão logística univariada e múltipla. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes não apresentou sintomas depressivos (70,4%), 24,2% apresentaram sintomas depressivos leves, e 5,4% severos. A análise univariada mostrou que as variáveis renda familiar, número de doenças, número de medicamentos em uso, intensidade da dor, sobrecarga e estresse percebido apresentaram associação com sintomas depressivos e na análise multivariada verificou-se associação com estresse percebido (IC 95% OR 1,106-1,207) e número de medicamentos (IC 95% OR 1.139-1.540) em uso. Conclusão: foram fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos em idosos cuidadores com dor crônica o estresse e o número de medicamentos em uso.

Consequences of chronic non-cancer pain in adulthood. scoping review / Consecuencias del dolor crónico no oncológico en la edad adulta. scoping review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine and map the consequences of chronic pain in adulthood. METHOD Documents addressing the impact of chronic pain on the psychological and social spheres of people suffering from chronic pain, published in Spanish and English between 2013 and 2018, were included. Those who addressed pharmacological treatments, chronic pain resulting from surgical interventions or who did not have access to the full text were excluded. Finally, 28 documents from the 485 reviewed were included RESULTS Studies show that pain is related to high rates of limitation in daily activities, sleep disorders and anxiety-depression spectrum disorders. People in pain have more problems to get the workday done and to maintain social relationships. Chronic pain is also associated with worse family functioning. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that limitations in the ability to perform activities of daily living, sleep, psychological health, social and work resources and family functioning are lines of interest in published articles. However, knowledge gaps are detected in areas such as the influence of having suffered pain in childhood or adolescence, the consequences of non-fulfillment of working hours and gender inequalities.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Examinar y mapear las consecuencias del dolor crónico en la edad adulta. MÉTODO Se incluyeron documentos que abordaban las repercusiones del dolor crónico en las esferas psicológica y social de las personas que lo padecen, publicados en español e inglés entre los años 2013-2018. Aquellos que abordaban tratamientos farmacológicos, dolor crónico derivado de intervenciones quirúrgicas o que no tenían acceso a texto completo fueron excluidos. Finalmente, se incluyeron 28 documentos de los 485 revisados. RESULTADOS Los estudios muestran que el dolor se relaciona con altas tasas de limitación en las actividades de la vida diaria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos del espectro ansiedad-depresión. Las personas con dolor experimentan más problemas para rendir en la jornada laboral y mantener relaciones sociales. Con respecto a la familia, el dolor crónico se ha asociado con un peor funcionamiento familiar. CONCLUSIONES Esta revisión pone de manifiesto que las limitaciones en la capacidad para realizar actividades de la vida diaria, el sueño, la salud psicológica, los recursos sociales y laborales y el funcionamiento familiar son líneas de interés en los trabajos publicados. Sin embargo, se detectan lagunas de conocimiento en áreas como la influencia de haber padecido dolor en la infancia o adolescencia, las consecuencias por incumplimiento de la jornada laboral y las desigualdades de género.

Prevalencia de dolor crónico en pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne en etapas no ambulantes / Prevalence of chronic pain in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients in non-ambulatory stage

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain is a frequent symptom in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) as reported, in up to 73%, affecting their normal activities, participation and quality of life; however it is an underdiagnosed symptom, and therefore, undertreated. OBJECTIVE: to establish the prevalence of chronic pain in a population with non-ambulatory DMD attending Instituto Teletón Santiago (ITS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study in DMD patients of Instituto Teletón Santiago, of 12 years old and older, who were in an early or late non-ambulatory stage. By means of a questionnaire designed by the authors, adapted from 'Brief Pain Inventory' and 'ID-Pain', and administered via telephone, it was possible to obtain data on the presence of acute, chronic pain and its intensity, frequency, location, clinical characteristics and interference with daily life activities and the use of analgesic drugs. Data collected helped to do an estimation of the prevalence of pain in the last week, chronic pain as well as summary measures for location, intensity and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: of 74 active patients with DMD and in compliance with the inclusion criteria, 23 subjects responded the questionnaire (31% response rate); average age was 18.3 years, and 9 months since loss of walking ability; prevalence of acute pain was 13% and 13% for chronic pain; most common localization was in the hips, followed by neck, spine and lower limbs; duration and frequency were variable and of moderate intensity. CONCLUSION: Pain has a lower prevalence in the studied population compared to the literature, however, it affects multiple locations and has an impact on their daily activities, and therefore it is important to record the presence of chronic pain in clinical practice. It is necessary to get a higher response rate in future studies and quantify pain with an instrument developed especially for this population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor crónico es un síntoma frecuente en pacientes con distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) reportado en hasta un 73%, afectando las actividades, participación y calidad de vida; sin embargo, es un síntoma subdiagnosticado y por ende subtratado. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar prevalencia de dolor crónico en población con DMD en etapa no ambulante que se atiende en Instituto Teletón Santiago (ITS). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en pacientes con DMD, activos en Instituto Teletón Santiago, de 12 años y más de edad, que se encontraban en etapa no ambulante temprano o tardío. Mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario diseñado por los autores adaptando Brief Pain Inventory e ID-Pain, aplicado vía telefónica, se obtuvo datos sobre la presencia de dolor agudo, crónico, intensidad, frecuencia, localización, tiempo de duración, características clínicas del dolor, interferencia en actividades de vida diaria y uso de fármacos analgésicos. Con los datos recolectados se estimó la prevalencia de dolor crónico, de la última semana y medidas de resumen para localización, intensidad y características clínicas. RESULTADOS: De 74 pacientes activos con diagnóstico de DMD que cumplían criterios de inclusión, se encuestaron 23 sujetos (porcentaje de respuesta de 31%); edad promedio de 18,3 años y 9 años desde pérdida de la marcha; la prevalencia de dolor agudo fue de 13% y de dolor crónico 13%; la localización más frecuente fue en las caderas, seguido por cuello y columna y extremidades inferiores, de duración y frecuencia variable e intensidad moderada. CONCLUSIÓN: El dolor tiene menor prevalencia en la población estudiada en relación con la literatura, sin embargo, afecta múltiples localizaciones e impacta en sus actividades de la vida diaria, por lo que es importante consignar la presencia de dolor crónico en la práctica clínica. Se hace necesario obtener un mayor porcentaje de respuesta en futuros estudios y cuantificar el dolor con un instrumento confeccionado especialmente para esta población.

Preoperative anxiety induces chronic postoperative pain by activating astrocytes in the anterior cingulate cortex region

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The study aims to explore the relationship between preoperative anxiety and chronic postoperative pain. METHODS A total of forty rats were divided into four groups, control, single-prolonged stress alone, Hysterectomy alone, and SPS+ Hysterectomy. The paw withdrawal mechanical thresholds (PWMT) were examined. qRT-PCR and western blotting assay were performed to detect the GFAP expression in astrocytes isolated from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) region. In addition, the long-term potentiation (LTP) in ACC was examined. RESULTS Rats in the SPS group or the Hysterectomy alone group had no significant effect on chronic pain formation, but SPS can significantly induce chronic pain after surgery. Astrocytes were still active, and the LTP was significantly increased three days after modeling in the SPS+Hysterectomy group. CONCLUSIONS anxiety can induce chronic pain by activating astrocytes in the ACC region.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste estudo é explorar a relação entre a ansiedade no pré-operatório e a dor crônica no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS Um total de 40 ratos foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, estresse prolongado (SPS), histerectomia e SPS + histerectomia. Os limiares de retirada da pata em resposta a estímulo mecânico (PWMT) foram examinados. Ensaios qRT-PCR e imunoenzimáticos (western blotting) foram realizados para detectar a expressão de GFAP em astrócitos isolados da região do córtex cingulado anterior (CCA). Além disso, a potenciação de longa duração (LTP) no CCA também foi examinada. RESULTADOS Os ratos no grupo de estresse prolongado e no grupo de histerectomia não apresentaram nenhum efeito significativo na formação de dor crônica. Porém, o estresse prolongado foi capaz de induzir dor crônica significativamente após a cirurgia. Três dias após o modelo, o grupo de SPS + histerectomia ainda apresentava astrócitos ativos e LTP significativamente maior. CONCLUSÃO A ansiedade pode provocar dor crônica através da ativação de astrócitos na região do CCA.

O cotidiano de mulheres com fibromialgia e o desafio interdisciplinar de empoderamento para o autocuidado / El cotidiano de mujeres con fibromialgia y el desafío interdisciplinar de empoderamiento para el autocuidado / The routines of women with fibromyalgia and an interdisciplinary challenge to promote self-care

Resumo OBJETIVOS Descrever o cotidiano das mulheres que vivem com fibromialgia durante a intervenção do grupo interdisciplinar e analisar seus benefícios à saúde das mulheres após a intervenção. MÉTODO Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 12 mulheres participantes do grupo interdisciplinar de educação em saúde, em uma Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados em 2016 por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e, em seguida, organizados e submetidos à análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética recebendo o número do CAAE 16413013013100005259, em consonância aos aspectos éticos legais da resolução 466/2012. RESULTADOS Do corpus analítico, emergiram duas categorias intituladas: A expressão do cotidiano e Repercussões do grupo interdisciplinar. CONCLUSÃO As ações do grupo interdisciplinar proporcionaram inúmeros benefícios tanto físicos, quanto psicológicos e sociais para cada mulher.

Resumen OBJETIVOS Describir el cotidiano de las mujeres que viven con fibromialgia durante la intervención del grupo interdisciplinario y analizar sus beneficios a la salud de las mujeres después de la intervención. MÉTODO Se trata de un estudio descriptivo exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo, desarrollado con 12 mujeres participantes del grupo interdisciplinario de educación en salud, en una Universidad Estadual del Río de Janeiro. Los datos fueron recolectados en 2016 por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y luego organizados y sometidos al análisis de contenido según Bardin. El presente estudio fue aprobado en el comité de ética recibiendo la numeración del CAAE 16413013013100005259, en consonancia a los aspectos éticos legales de la resolución 466/2012. RESULTADOS Del corpus analítico, emergieron dos categorías tituladas: La expresión del cotidiano y Repercusiones del grupo interdisciplinario. CONCLUSIÓN Las acciones del grupo interdisciplinario proporcionaron innumerables beneficios tanto físicos, como psicológicos y sociales para cada mujer.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the daily lives of women living with fibromyalgia through the implementation of an interdisciplinary group intervention and verify its benefits to the participants' health. METHOD This descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study was conducted with 12 women who participanted in an interdisciplinary health education group at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected in 2016 through semi-structured interviews, which were organized and analyzed according to Bardin's content analysis. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (CAAE 16413013013100005259), in accordance with the legal and ethical guidelines estabished by Resolution 466/2012. RESULTS Two categories emerged from the analytical corpus, namely: Expression of everyday life and Repercussions of the interdisciplinary group. CONCLUSION The actions implemented by the interdisciplinary group resulted in numerous physical, psychological and social benefits for the women.

Relación de los factores psicoemocionales en la intensidad del dolor y la funcionalidad en usuarios adultos con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica de las comunas de Coquimbo y La Serena / Relationship of psycho-emotional factors in pain intensity and functionality in adult users with non-specific chronic low back pain in the commune of Coquimbo and La Serena

Introducción: el dolor es una experiencia multidimensional que considera los tres ejes de la salud: el biológico, el psicológico y el social. Cuando el daño estructural no es la causa esencial del dolor experimentado, tal como sucede en la lumbalgia crónica inespecífica (LCI), se hace necesario considerar los ejes no biológicos para un abordaje integral. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre los factores psicoemocionales con la intensidad del dolor y la funcionalidad de las personas con LCI. Materiales y métodos: el tipo de estudio es no-experimental, cuantitativo y correlacional. La muestra corresponde a un n=55 usuarios de los CESFAM Sergio Aguilar, de la comuna de Coquimbo y Juan Pablo II, de la comuna de La Serena. Se aplicaron cuestionarios sobre los factores psicoemocionales: kinesofobia, catastrofismo y autoeficacia, y las variables de limitación de la funcionalidad e intensidad del dolor. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: escala de tampa para kinesofobia (TSK 11), escala de catastrofismo del dolor (PCS), cuestionario sobre la percepción de autoeficacia, escala de funcionalidad o incapacidad por dolor lumbar Oswestry y escala visual análoga (EVA), respectivamente. Resultados: hubo una relación entre las variables catastrofismo-limitación de la funcionalidad (rho=0,537, p<0,005), catastrofismo-intensidad del dolor (rho=0,437, p=0,001), kinesofobia-limitación de la funcionalidad (rho=0,418, p=0,002) y autoeficacia-limitación de la funcionalidad (rho=-0,518, p<0,005), siendo estas correlaciones significativas estadísticamente. Discusión: los tres factores psicoemocionales se relacionan con la funcionalidad. No obstante, solo el catastrofismo se relaciona con la intensidad del dolor. Por ende, es relevante que el kinesiólogo considere en su intervención terapéutica estos factores para enfocar el posterior abordaje kinésico con una visión e interacción multidisciplinar.

Introduction: pain is a multidimensional experience that considers the three axes of health: biological, psychological and social. When structural damage is not the essential cause of the pain experienced, as it happens in non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCL), it is necessary to consider the non-biological axes for an integral approach. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between psychoemotional factors with pain intensity and functionality of persons with NSCL pain. Materials and Methods: the type of study is non-experimental, quantitative and correlational. The sample corresponds to n=55 users of the CESFAM Sergio Aguilar, of the commune of Coquimbo and Juan Pablo II, of the commune La Serena. Questionnaires were applied on psychoemotional factors: kinesophobia, catastrophism and self-efficacy, and the variables of limitation of the functionality and intensity of pain. With the instruments: Tampa scale for kinesophobia (TSK 11), pain catastrophism scale (PCS), self-efficacy perception questionnaire, Oswestry functionality scale and analogous visual scale (EVA) respectively. Results: there was a relationship between the variables catastrophism - limitation of the functionality (rho=0,537, p<0,005), catastrophism - intensity of pain (rho=0,437, p=0,001), kinesophobia - limitation of the functionality (rho=0,418, p=0,002) and self-efficacy-limitation of the functionality (rho = - 0,518, p<0,005), these correlations being statistically significant (p<0,005). Discussion:tThe three psychoemotional factors are related to functionality. However, only catastrophism is related to pain intensity. Therefore, it is relevant that the physical therapist considers these factors in his therapeutic intervention, in order to focus the subsequent kinesthetic approach with a multidisciplinary vision and interaction.

Evaluación de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica en la unidad de dolor de un hospital universitario / Evaluation of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic low back pain of a university hospital pain unit

La ansiedad y la depresión son las formas más frecuentes de alteraciones psicológicas que se ven en pacientes con dolor crónico, en general; y lumbalgia crónica, en particular. No existen, en nuestro medio, reportes sobre estos trastornos psicológicos en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica, siendo pocos los estudios en latinoamérica. El objetivo del presente estudio piloto fue evaluar la presencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica, acompañada o no de dolor radicular, que consultaron en el servicio de tratamiento del dolor de nuestro hospital universitario. La escala de ansiedad y depresión Hospitalaria (EADH, versión en español de la hospital anxiety and depression scale, HADS) fue el instrumento utilizado para la valoración de ansiedad y depresión. La muestra fue de 25 pacientes. De éstos, 16 (64 por ciento) presentaron diagnóstico de ansiedad y 7 (28 por ciento) de depresión. La frecuencia de ansiedad en esta muestra fue más alta que la de depresión que, sin contar los casos probables, fue de 28 por ciento. Se registraron 3 casos de diagnóstico probable de ansiedad y 7 de depresión. Los pacientes estudiados presentaban dolor intenso e incapacitante, evaluado por el Inventario abreviado de dolor. Se observó una correlación lineal positiva moderada a débil, pero estadísticamente significativa entre ansiedad y depresión, y la intensidad del dolor medido el Índice de Intensidad. Se encontró una correlación positiva débil, aunque estadísticamente significativa entre ansiedad y depresión y el Índice de Interferencia. En conclusión, en este estudio piloto en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica se detectaron, utilizando la escala de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria, niveles elevados de ansiedad, con niveles menores de depresión, trastornos que se correlacionan con la intensidad del dolor y la incapacidad derivada de éste de manera moderada a débil. Este es el primer estudio en nuestro medio que evalúa ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con lumbalgia crónica, utilizando la escala de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria validada en español. Los hallazgos obtenidos exigen un abordaje interdisciplinario de la lumbalgia crónica, que podrá incluir el uso de antidepresivos con acción ansiolítica como la duloxetina.

Anxiety and depression are frequent disorders in patients with chronic pain, in particular in the spine. No studies evaluating these psychological disorders have been performed in our country in chronic low back pain patients, and a few were found in latin America. The goal of the present pilot study was to evaluate the presence of anxiety and depression in chronic back pain patients with or without radicular pain, utilizing the hospital anxiety and depression scale, in the Spanish validated version. 25 patients were chosen of the ambulatory consultation of the chronic pain treatment unit of the university hospital. 16 (64 percent) presented anxiety and 7 depression (28 percent). The probable cases were 3 for anxiety and 7 for depression. All the patients had intense pain and functional impairment, evaluated by the brief pain Inventory instrument. A moderate to weak, statistically significant, positive correlation, were observed between anxiety and depression and pain intensity and interference, measured by the Intensity and interference scores. In conclusion, in the present pilot study in chronic low back pain patients, high levels of anxiety was observed, with lower frequency of depression, utilizing, for first time in our country, the hospital anxiety and depression scale in Spanish. Weak to moderate positive correlations were observed between anxiety and depression and pain intensity and interference in patient daily activities. Under the light of these findings, an interdisciplinary approach of chronic low back pain patients is mandatory, including the use of antidepressants with a tranquilizer profile, as it is duloxetine.

O uso do Mini-Exame do estado Mental colabora no tratamento da fibromialgia / The use of the Mini-Mental State Examination is an auxiliary tool in the treatment of fibromyalgia

A presença de alterações cognitivas em pacientes com Fibromialgia (FM) desafia aclínica e a pesquisa. Com o objetivo de contribuir com a melhora do tratamento deu ma síndrome tão prevalente e que causa incapacidade funcional significativa, foi realizado estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa com 61 pacientes,utilizando-se o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), a Escala Unidimensiona lNumérica Verbal, um questionário para coleta de dados sociodemográficos e para registrar a presença de sintomas associados. Os resultados do MEEM mostraram elevado percentual de rastreio positivo para déficit cognitivo associado à FM (60,7%),sendo que os domínios com menor desempenho foram "atenção e cálculo" e"evocação". Os principais sintomas associados foram: dificuldade de memória, de concentração e sono não reparador. O segmento da amostra com queixa d edificuldade de concentração apresentou maiores escores na pontuação de dor e correlação com os domínios específicos do MEEM "orientação tempo/espaço" e"linguagem". Esses resultados demonstraram que a aplicação do MEEM pode melhor subsidiar o tratamento pela equipe interdisciplinar ao fornecer informações complementares na exploração da queixa do paciente.

The presence of cognitive disabilities in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) challengesclinical practice and research. With the goal of improving the treatment of such aprevalent syndrome that causes significant functional inability, it was made a crosssectionalstudy with a quantitative approach with 61 patients, using the Mini-MentalState Exam (MMSE), the Verbal Numeric Scale and a questionnaire for collectingsociodemographic data and to register the presence of associated symptoms. TheMMSE results showed high percentage of cognitive impairment associated with FM(60.7%) in this sample, and the domains of the MMSE that showed the worseperformance were "attention and calculation" and "recall". The most frequent associated symptoms were: attention and memory complaints and non-restorativesleep. The part of the sample with concentration complaints had higher scores in thepain scale and a correlation with the MMSE specific domains "orientationtime/space" and "language". These results showed that applying the MMSE canallow a more satisfying treatment for the interdisciplinary team by bringingcomplementary information in exploring the patient's complaints.

Comparative effectiveness of photobiomodulation and manual therapy alone or combined in TMD patients: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract The effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) and manual therapy (MT), alone or combined (CT), were evaluated in pain intensity, mandibular movements, psychosocial aspects, and anxiety symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. Fifty-one TMD patients were randomly assigned to three groups: the PBM group (n = 18), which received PBM with 808 nm, 100 mW, 13.3 J/cm2, and 4 J per point; the MT group (n=16) for 21 minutes each session on masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint TMJ; and the CT group (n = 17), applied during twelve sessions. Seven evaluations were performed in different moments using visual analogue scale (VAS), Research Diagnosis Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I and II, and Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). All groups demonstrated reductions in pain and improvement in jaw movements during treatment and at follow-up (< 0.001). The assessment of psychosocial aspects of TMD, comparing baseline and follow-up in all treatment groups, revealed that treatment did not promote modification in the intensity of chronic pain (p > 0.05). However, depression symptoms showed a reduction in PBM and CT groups (p≤0.05). All treatments promoted reduction in physical symptoms with and without pain and enhancement of jaw disabilities (p ≤ 0.05). MT promotes improvement in 5 functions, PBM in 2, and CT in 1 (p < 0.001). BAI analysis revealed that all treatments lead to a reduction in anxiety symptoms (p≤0.05). All protocols tested were able to promote pain relief, improve mandibular function, and reduce the negative psychosocial aspects and levels of anxiety in TMD patients. However, the combination of PBM and MT did not promote an increase in the effectiveness of both therapies alone.

Implicaciones del dolor crónico en la calidad de vida de mujeres con fibromialgia / Implicações da dor crônica na qualidade de vida das mulheres com fibromialgia / Implications of chronic pain on the quality of life of women with fibromyalgia

RESUMEN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprender las implicaciones del dolor crónico en la calidad de vida de un grupo de mujeres diagnosticadas con fibromialgia. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cualitativo de diseño fenomenológico interpretativo en el que participaron 15 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 23 y los 60 años. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el apoyo del programa Atlas.Ti. Los resultados indican que la intensidad de los síntomas, la interferencia del dolor crónico en actividades cotidianas, las alteraciones emocionales y las cogniciones negativas influyeron en su vida personal, familiar, social y laboral. Las estrategias de afrontamiento que asumieron las participantes facilitaron u obstaculizaron la aceptación de la enfermedad. Se concluye que el impacto de la fibromialgia en la calidad de vida depende más de las estrategias de afrontamiento que de los síntomas de la enfermedad. Las redes de apoyo facilitan el desarrollo de estrategias activas para afrontar la enfermedad.

RESUMO. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender as implicações da dor crônica na qualidade de vida de um grupo de mulheres diagnosticadas com fibromialgia. Para isso, se realizou um estudo qualitativo de cunho fenomenológico interpretativo e envolvendo 15 mulheres, com idades compreendidas entre os 23 e os 60 anos. A análise dos dados se realizou com o apoio do programa Atlas.Ti. Os resultados indicam que a intensidade dos sintomas, a interferência da dor crónica em atividades cotidianas, as alterações emocionais e as cognições negativas influentes em sua vida pessoal, familiar, social e laboral. As estratégias de enfrentamento que assinalaram os participantes em matéria de impedir a aceitação da doença. Se conclui que o impacto da fibromialgia na qualidade de vida depende das estratégias de enfrentamento dos sintomas da doença. As facilidades de acesso ao sistema de saúde, a qualidade de atendimento dos especialistas e o acompanhamento de redes de apoio facilitam o desenvolvimento de estratégias ativas para enfrentar a enfermidade.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to understand the impact of chronic pain on the quality of life of a group of women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. For this, a qualitative study of phenomenological interpretative design was carried out in which 15 women, aged between 23 and 60 years participated. Data analysis was performed with the support of the Atlas.Ti program. The results indicate that the intensity of symptoms, the interference of chronic pain in daily activities, the emotional alterations and the negative cognitions influenced his personal, family, social and work life. The coping strategies assumed by the participants facilitated or hampered the acceptance of the disease. It is concluded that the impact of fibromyalgia on quality of life depends more on coping strategies than on the symptoms of the disease. The support networks facilitate the development of active strategies to confront the disease.

Fear-avoidance beliefs increase perception of pain and disability in Mexicans with chronic low back pain / Crenças de medo e evitação aumentam a percepção de dor e incapacidade em mexicanos com lombalgia crônica

ABSTRACT Background: Fear-avoidance beliefs are related to the prognosis of chronicity in low back pain in subacute stages, however in chronic pain, is no clear the influence of these factors; it has been suggested that the study population can determine the magnitude of influence on disability and pain of those suffering from back pain. Currently, information does not exist in the Mexican population. Objective: To analyze the relationship between fear-avoidance beliefs with pain and disability in Mexicans with chronic low back pain; analyze potentials differences between subgroups according to the time of evolution. Methods: Cross-sectional study in Mexicans with chronic LBP aged between 18 and 45. Data were collected on general socio demographic characteristics, time of evolution, body mass index, pain, disability and fear-avoidance beliefs. Results: 33 men and 47 women, with an average age of 34.19 ± 7.65 years. Higher scores of fear-avoidance beliefs were obtained in women (47.2 ± 20.99 versus 38.5 ± 9.7; p = 0.05) and single participants (p = 0.04). A positive correlation was found between disability (r = 0.603, p < 0.001) and pain (r = 0.234, p = 0.03) with high scores of fear-avoidance beliefs. Through generalized linear models for disability, total score of the fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire showed a standardized beta coefficient of 0.603, p < 0.001 (R 2 of 0.656); for pain showed a standardized beta coefficient of 0.29, p = 0.01 (R 2 of 0.721). Conclusion: The present study suggests that there is a strong relationship between pain severity, FABQ scores, and functional disability in Mexicans with chronic LBP.

RESUMO Introdução: As crenças de medo e evitação estão relacionadas com o prognóstico da cronicidade da lombalgia nas fases subagudas; contudo, na dor crônica, não é clara a influência desses fatores. Sugeriu-se que um estudo populacional pode determinar a magnitude da influência da lombalgia sobre a incapacidade e a dor. Atualmente não há informação a esse respeito na população mexicana. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre as crenças de medo e evitação com a dor e incapacidade em mexicanos com lombalgia crônica; analisar potenciais diferenças entre subgrupos determinados pelo tempo de evolução. Métodos: Estudo transversal em mexicanos com lombalgia crônica entre 18 e 45 anos. Coletaram-se dados sobre características sociodemográficas gerais, tempo de evolução, índice de massa corporal, dor, incapacidade e crenças de medo e evitação. Resultados: Foram estudados 33 homens e 47 mulheres com média de 34,19 ± 7,65 anos. Obtiveram-se escores de crenças de medo e evitação mais elevados em participantes do sexo feminino (47,2 ± 20,99 versus 38,5 ± 9,7; p = 0,05) e solteiros (p = 0,04). Encontrou-se uma correlação positiva entre a incapacidade (r = 0,603, p < 0,001) e a dor (r = 0,234, p = 0,03), com altas pontuações de crenças de medo e evitação. Por meio de modelos lineares generalizados para incapacidade, a pontuação total no questionário de crenças de medo e evitação mostrou um coeficiente beta padronizado de 0,603, p < 0,001 (R2 de 0,656); para a dor, mostrou um coeficiente beta padronizado de 0,29, p = 0,01 (R2 de 0,721). Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que há uma forte relação entre a intensidade da dor, os escores no FABQ e a incapacidade funcional em mexicanos com lombalgia crônica.